Infertility genetic

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Approximately 15% of couples of reproductive age are affected by infertility, which is a complex disorder caused by multiple factors. Both men and women are equally responsible for the causes of infertility.

The condition where a pregnancy cannot be achieved or completed after one year of sexual intercourse without contraception is known as infertility.

Chromosomal alterations, whether numerical or structural, are a primary genetic cause of infertility in couples who cannot conceive. Along with these alterations, mutations in certain genes may also be detected at the DNA level. To determine the underlying cause, specific genetic tests may be required in all cases.

The most common genetic causes of infertility in females include Turner syndrome (either complete or mosaic monosomy X, often accompanied by streak gonads), congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) caused by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene resulting in 21-hydroxylase deficiency, or less commonly, mutations in the CYP11B1 gene causing 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency, or mutations in the HSD3B2 gene causing 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency. Other causes include renal cysts and diabetes syndrome (HNF1B mutations), Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome (congenital absence or underdevelopment of the vagina and uterus, with no known gene), mullerian duct aplasia, unilateral renal aplasia, and cervicothoracic somite dysplasia (MURCS, also known as Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome type II, with no known gene), androgen insensitivity (caused by AR gene mutations), gonadal dysgenesis (females with a 46,XY karyotype who may have a SRY gene mutation or simply streak gonads of unknown origin), premature ovarian failure (POF, caused by mutations in various genes), and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (caused by mutations in various genes).

Therefore, a comprehensive multigene panel aimed at identifying genetic causes of female infertility may include the genes AR, BMP15, BNC1, C11orf80, CYP21A2, DHEAST, DIAPH2, ERCC6, FANCM, FANCL, FIGLA, FMR1, FOXL2, FSHR, GDF9, HFM1, HSF2BP, LHB, LHCGR, MCMDC1, MCM8, MEI1, MSH4, MSH5, NOBOX, NR5A1, POF1B, PSMC3IP, REC114, SHBG, SPAG17, SRD5A1, SRD5A2, STAG3, STX2, SYCE1, TUBB8, WEE2, and XRCC2.

Although hormonal dosages are a more straightforward method for identifying hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, genetic screening may not initially prioritize this condition. However, current research has identified a series of genes involved in the pathogenesis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, including ANOS1, CHD7, DUSP6, FEZF1, FGF17, FGF8, FGFR1, FLRT3, FMR1, FSHB, GNRH1, GNRHR, HS6ST1, IL17RD, KISS1, KISS1R, LHB, NDNF, NELF, PROK2, PROKR2, SEMA3A, SPRY4, TAC3, TACR3, and WDR11.

The most common genetic causes of male infertility are congenital absence of vas deferens (CBAVD or CAVD), which is caused by two mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene, Klinefelter syndrome, Y chromosome microdeletions, isodicentric Y chromosome, Y chromosome inversions, males with a 46,XX karyotype, primary ciliary dyskinesia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. These conditions may result in either normal or reduced fertility.

A screening panel for male infertility's genic causes may consist of genes that also contribute to meiotic arrest, such as AR, AZF, CATSPER1, CFTR, DEFB126, DEFB128, DNAH17, MAATS1, FSHR, LHCGR, MSH4, MSH5, SYCP2, TTC29, and XRCC2.

Follow the link of the selected polymorphism to read a brief description of how the selected polymorphism affects Infertility and miscarriage and see a list of existing studies.

SNP polymorphisms related to the topic Infertility and miscarriage: