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Mitochondria dna

mitochondria

By Li Dali, Ph.D.

If you tested your DNA with a personal genomics service like 23andMe, AncestryDNA, FamilyTreeDNA, MyHeritage or another testing company, you can learn more about your risk factors for hundreds of diseases. By clicking the button above ⬆️, you can upload your raw DNA data file and receive a personalized 250-page health report with research links that is the most comprehensive.

The mitochondria contain circular chromosomes known as mitochondrial DNA and are organelles responsible for cellular energy production and other metabolic tasks. These structures are located in the cytoplasm, with offspring inheriting their mother's mitochondria, along with its genetic material. As a consequence of this inheritance pattern, they also inherit her mitochondrial DNA.

The function of mitochondria is to transform the energy from food into a usable form for cells, and they exist as structures within each cell. A high number, ranging in hundreds to thousands can be seen situated in cytoplasmic fluid surrounding nuclei. Despite DNA being mostly contained inside chromosomes housed within the nucleus itself, there is also some unique genetic material present solely in mitochondria - referred to as mitochondrial or mtDNA. Roughly spanning 16,500 base pairs of DNA blocks specifically relating only to humans composing meagre quantity compared overall cellular total amount of DNA bases therein stored by an organism's genome construction process .

All 37 genes present in mitochondrial DNA are crucial for maintaining regular mitochondrial operations. Out of these, thirteen provide a blueprint for creating various enzymes that play a role in the process of oxidative phosphorylation which generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source through the use of oxygen and simplex saccharides by cells. The remaining genes outline steps involved in producing transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), related to DNA at chemical levels. What tDNA does is it helps combine protein-building blocks known as amino acids to create fully functional proteins along with rRNA assistance during assembly processes.

The DNA in mitochondria, which are responsible for producing ATP - the primary energy source for our cells, is worthy of discussion especially among those dedicated to endurance sports like myself. Increasing mitochondrial count through training helps muscles withstand exertion placed upon them during physical activities. With a unique feature amongst other organelles - their own distinctive DNA and genetic inheritance exclusively from mothers- studying your "mitochondrial haplogroup" can shed light on maternal lineage histories dating back centuries.

Follow the link of the selected polymorphism to read a brief description of how the selected polymorphism affects Mitochondrial function and see a list of existing studies.

SNP polymorphisms related to the topic Mitochondrial function:

rs1051266The protein encoded by the gene transports folic acid into the cell and thus plays a role in the intracellular regulation of folate concentration. In this genotype, folate absorption is worse. Folic acid requirement is higher. Alcohol consumption is more critical for the risk of vitamin B9 deficiency.
rs2236225Possible increased risk of fetal birth defects. A 1.5-fold higher risk for Caucasian mothers to give birth to children with DNT (neural tube defect). The association in children with this mutation with an increased risk of heart defects is greater if their mother did not get enough folic acid during pregnancy. The risk is reduced with adequate levels of folic acid and vitamin B6.
rs4880Polymorphism of antioxidant enzymes as risk factors for complications, leads to increased oxidative stress. Affects the level of selenium in serum.
rs1801394Polymorphism can lead to elevated homocysteine levels independent of folic acid, vitamin B12 or B6 levels. It is a risk factor for neural tube defects and Down syndrome in the setting of higher homocysteine levels.
rs35859650Myoadenylate deaminase deficiency is associated with myopathy, with progressive muscle weakness and atrophy.
rs34677591Mutation of SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene increases the likelihood of paraganglioma disease.
rs11214077Mutation of SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene increases the likelihood of paraganglioma disease.
rs33927012Mutation of SDHD, a mitochondrial complex II gene increases the likelihood of paraganglioma disease.
rs2307449Mitochondrial DNA polymerase mutation associated with reproductive aging, early menopause.
rs10064631Methionine synthase deficiency, impairing the metabolism of folic acid B9 and cobalamin B12.
rs1024611Increased risk of exercise-induced ischaemia. Also increased rate of HIV progression.
rs16941667Genetic variability in aldehyde dehydrogenase is associated with increased risk of gastric cancer.
rs7946Genetic polymorphisms in methyl group metabolism DNA methylation in peripheral blood. Affect the human need for choline (vitamin B4).
rs11754661Genetic alteration of the folate pathway affecting genomic methylation content.
rs17349743Gene responsible for folate pathway abnormalities, increases likelihood of late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
rs1800779Gene polymorphisms are associated with cardiovascular disease risk markers, impaired methylation.
rs162036Disorders of intracellular metabolism of cobalamin. Positive effect on the efficacy of folic acid therapy in patients with hyperhomocysteinaemia.
rs7703033Causes decreased concentrations of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid and increased homocysteine in the blood.
rs17602729AMPD1 gene polymorphism, is associated with speed, endurance and strength.
rs671A mutation in the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene increases acute alcohol sensitivity, alcohol dependence and hangover susceptibility.
rs2297518A genetic polymorphism in the nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with oxidative stress.
rs2073643A breakdown that increases the risk of asthma.
rs11585941
rs12770829
rs4244593
rs968529
rs999571
rs2238151
rs3783637
rs4850
rs4869089
rs1985908
rs16941669
rs2778475
rs7254913
rs1244414
rs1104739
rs34095989
rs926938
rs12985380
rs3786625
rs11203289
rs2307440
rs2307441
rs3087374
rs12873870
rs667226
rs536662
rs3790694
rs25683
rs1076991
rs1532268

About The Author
Li Dali Li Dali

Li Dali, a National Foundation for Outstanding Youth Fund recipient, is a researcher at the School of Life Sciences in East China Normal University. He earned his PhD in genetics from Hunan Normal University in 2007 and conducted collaborative research at Texas A&M University during his doctoral studies. Li Dali and his team have optimized and innovated gene editing technology, leading to the establishment of a world-class system for constructing gene editing disease models.

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